Augnl\u00e6knar geta einnig veri\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00f6rugga doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i (\u00ed Bretlandi er \u00fea\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 eiga h\u00e6fa sj\u00f3nl\u00e6kna me\u00f0 reynslu \u00ed starfi). \u00de\u00f3 ekki, \u00fe\u00e1 heldur Debrett's \u00e1fram a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0leggja tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 \u00feeir s\u00e9u me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0ir af l\u00e6knum og a\u00f0 n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 "l\u00e6knir" s\u00e9 oft nota\u00f0 fyrir tannl\u00e6kna sem hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. Eins og me\u00f0 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega MBBS-gr\u00e1\u00f0u uppfylla tannl\u00e6knar kr\u00f6fur um g\u00f3\u00f0an gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed tannl\u00e6knaskur\u00f0l\u00e6kningum (BDS) og geta veri\u00f0 d\u00fdral\u00e6knar me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0an gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVSc), gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVetMed) e\u00f0a gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum og skur\u00f0l\u00e6kningum (BVMS). \u00c1ri\u00f0 2005 haf\u00f0i n\u00fdr forseti Konunglega skur\u00f0l\u00e6knah\u00e1sk\u00f3lans samband vi\u00f0 l\u00e6kna til a\u00f0 nota hugtaki\u00f0 Dr. og sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 notkun Mr. Skip v\u00e6ri ruglingsleg fyrir vi\u00f0skiptavini. Titlar fr\u00e1b\u00e6rs & C svarts lita\u00f0s og \u00fe\u00fa munt v\u00edkja fr\u00e1 Titlum Debrett fyrir \u00feig a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa umsl\u00f6g til heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsmanna, \u00fear sem n\u00fdtt fornafn fr\u00e1 Dr. er sleppt (t.d. John Smith, Esq, MD; John Smith, MD; John Smith, MB) en innan Skotlands og fyrir hef\u00f0bundna l\u00e6kna, \u00fear sem bloggf\u00e6rslun\u00f6fnunum er alltaf sleppt (t.d. Dr. John Smith).<\/p>\n

\n
• Tannl\u00e6knar hafa hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 veri\u00f0 l\u00fdstir \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt og skur\u00f0l\u00e6knar, en fr\u00e1 1995 hefur Tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 leyft tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, hvort sem margir vilja \u00fea\u00f0 ekki e\u00f0a ekki, og \u00fev\u00ed er \u00e1stand l\u00e6knisins \u00e1hyggjuefni.<\/li>\n
• Hann g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 veittur af h\u00e1sk\u00f3lanum fyrir n\u00fdjan konung, og pr\u00f3fsk\u00edrteini \u00feess hefur dregi\u00f0 \u00far gildi samf\u00e9lagsskjalsins.<\/li>\n
• Til a\u00f0 f\u00e1 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00fearf framhaldsmenntun \u00ed meistaran\u00e1mi, a\u00f0 skrifa g\u00f3\u00f0a lokaritger\u00f0, a\u00f0 skrifa g\u00f3\u00f0a lokaritger\u00f0 eftir b\u00f3k og a\u00f0 verja opinberlega n\u00fdju lokaritger\u00f0ina.<\/li>\n
• A\u00f0 hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u er or\u00f0in grundvallaratri\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 hafa fram\u00farskarandi h\u00e1sk\u00f3lagr\u00e1\u00f0u.<\/li>\n
• Til a\u00f0 eiga kennara me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum \u00ed Evr\u00f3pusambandinu, segir a\u00f0 n\u00fd menntun ver\u00f0i opinberlega vi\u00f0urkennd (\u201esta\u00f0fest\u201c) af menntam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

  \u00dea\u00f0 er algeng venja a\u00f0 eiga giftar konur sem l\u00e6kna til a\u00f0 nota heiti\u00f0 \u201eDr. (fr\u00fa)\u201c b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed h\u00e6sta g\u00e6\u00f0aflokki og pers\u00f3nulega. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld ur\u00f0u doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur mun vins\u00e6lli \u00ed Bretlandi, hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feurfti a\u00f0 fer\u00f0ast til meginlands Evr\u00f3pu e\u00f0a (fr\u00e1 1861) til Bandar\u00edkjanna til a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last \u00fe\u00e1 menntun sem \u00feurfti til a\u00f0 afla s\u00e9r, \u00fear sem menntunin var ekki veitt \u00ed Bretlandi fyrr en 1917. \u00c1 r\u00e1\u00f0stefnunni for\u00f0u\u00f0ust hei\u00f0ursdoktorar a\u00f0 nota n\u00fdtt or\u00f0 \u201eDr.\u201c \u00ed almennum samskiptum, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00ed formlegum samskiptum vi\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lann sem veitir n\u00fdju hei\u00f0ursgr\u00e1\u00f0una s\u00e9 algengt a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa n\u00fdja einstaklinginn me\u00f0 nafninu. \u00d3formlega er n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed fullri lengd og \u00ed styttri merkingu (\u00fe.e. \u201edr.\u201c), nota\u00f0 me\u00f0 hei\u00f0ursmerki til a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsmenn \u00ed \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegri umgj\u00f6r\u00f0 eins og fyrirlesara, en ekki \u00ed or\u00f0i kve\u00f0nu er \u00fea\u00f0 eing\u00f6ngu \u00e6tla\u00f0 n\u00fdjum doktorum \u00ed h\u00e1sk\u00f3lastigi. H\u00e9r eru einnig \u00farskur\u00f0ir um augl\u00fdsingu um a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a beinl\u00e6kni og a\u00f0 hann s\u00e9 heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsma\u00f0ur er villandi, en \u00feetta er \u00ed raun augl\u00fdsing sem notar n\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c og eftirnafni\u00f0 \u201ePhD\u201c sem doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 \u00f3vi\u00f0urkenndum h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Tannl\u00e6knar hafa hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 (fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tannl\u00e6knar h\u00f3fu st\u00f6rf) liti\u00f0 \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt og l\u00e6kna, en fr\u00e1 1995 hefur Tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 leyft tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt margir vilji ekki gera \u00fea\u00f0 og \u00fev\u00ed hafi \u00e1hyggjur af l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n

  Eftir a\u00f0 fram\u00farskarandi doktorspr\u00f3fi hefur veri\u00f0 n\u00e1\u00f0 er n\u00fdi doktorinn kynntur til starfa og \u00fe\u00fa getur nota\u00f0 n\u00fdjasta skammst\u00f6funina drs: Spilav\u00edti goldbet \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/h2>\n

  Ekki lengur. Vandam\u00e1l geta stafa\u00f0 af upprunalegu hollensku meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0unni \u201edrs.\u201c (fyrir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lagr\u00e1\u00f0ur \u00e1n kerfisbundinna og l\u00e1g-laga n\u00e1msmanna). Notkun \u00feeirra af h\u00e1lfu l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga stafar af n\u00fdjustu h\u00e6fu menntuninni til l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i sem n\u00fdi LLD-gr\u00e1\u00f0an, sem var endurb\u00e6tur \u00e1ri\u00f0 2014, hefur veri\u00f0 k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201es\u00f6guleg farangur\u201c fr\u00e1 deildarforseta l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ih\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00e1 M\u00f6ltu.<\/p>\n

  Spilarar Blue-cross og \u00fe\u00fa munt geta fundi\u00f0 Bluish Secure (BCBS) hj\u00e1 l\u00e6knum, sj\u00fakrah\u00fasum og tannl\u00e6knum.<\/p>\n

  <\/p>\n

  Hong Kong fylgir breskri hef\u00f0 \u00ed a\u00f0 hafa samband vi\u00f0 l\u00e6kna sem \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c \u00fe\u00f3tt margir \u00feeirra hafi a\u00f0eins gr\u00e1\u00f0una Bachelor of Therapies og Bachelor of Procedures (MBBS e\u00f0a MBChB). N\u00fdja skammst\u00f6funin Drs. v\u00edsar einnig til doctorandus, g\u00f3\u00f0s hollensks fr\u00e6\u00f0iheitis sem kom \u00ed sta\u00f0 meistaraheitisins vi\u00f0 tilkomu hundaeigendan\u00e1msins. \u00cd meginhluta hins n\u00fdja fr\u00e6\u00f0iheims v\u00edsar skilgreiningin \u00e1 l\u00e6kni til \u00feeirra sem hafa loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi (h\u00e1u n\u00e1mi) fr\u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Allir \u00feeir sem hafa loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi h\u00e9ldu \u00e1fram a\u00f0 nota n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 faglega og f\u00e9lagslega. N\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 er einnig nota\u00f0 af l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u00ed Su\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku, \u00fear sem \u00feeir hafa oft loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi, og \u00e1 fyrri port\u00fag\u00f6lsku sv\u00e6\u00f0unum Goa \u00e1 Indlandi og jafnvel Maka\u00f3 \u00ed As\u00edu.<\/p>\n

  \u00c1\u00f0ur en opinbera \u00fej\u00e1lfunin h\u00f3fst kom n\u00fdjasta samt\u00edma doktorspr\u00f3fi\u00f0 (PhD) fram \u00ed Leipzig sem mikill arftaki meistaran\u00e1msins \u00e1ri\u00f0 1652 (Dr.<\/h2>\n

  Eigendur \u201eLaurea\u201c hafa fengi\u00f0 n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 doc (dottore\/dottoressa), eigendur \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c f\u00e1 n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 magistral doctor (dottore magistrale\/dottoressa magistrale) og doktorsnemar hafa veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ir l\u00e6knar (dottore di ricerca\/dottoressa di ricerca). Til a\u00f0 hafa s\u00f6gulegar forsendur eru n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 doc veitt \u00f6llum sem hafa h\u00e1sk\u00f3la\u00feekkingu. Fyrsti h\u00e1sk\u00f3li vestr\u00e6nna samf\u00e9laga, n\u00fdi h\u00e1sk\u00f3linn \u00ed Bologna, er sta\u00f0settur \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu, \u00fear sem fram til n\u00fat\u00edmans var eina gr\u00e1\u00f0an \u00ed bo\u00f0i sem n\u00fd doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0a, og a\u00f0rir \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar notu\u00f0u eina til a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a hana. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00f3l\u00edkt Arzt, \u00fear sem doktorsn\u00e1m er ekki h\u00e1\u00f0 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 notkun or\u00f0sins Doktor yfir eigin l\u00e6kni s\u00e9 algeng og f\u00f3lk g\u00e6ti ranglega gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins Doktors geti fengi\u00f0 hef\u00f0bundna l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i. Hins vegar, \u00ed finnsku samf\u00e9lagi er notkun fyrirsagna \u00f3algeng og takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegustu samhengin.<\/p>\n

  habil). \u00deessir hlutar voru yfirleitt kalla\u00f0ir \u201eheimspeki\u201c (nota\u00f0ir sem v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6k skilgreining \u00e1 menntun, ekki sem kennslufr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt misnotkun fr\u00e1 gildum), en eru n\u00fa flokka\u00f0ir sem hugv\u00edsindi og v\u00edsindi, tali\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f6mu r\u00f6\u00f0. Me\u00f0 t\u00edmanum er doktorspr\u00f3f \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i sjaldg\u00e6fara, en l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 algeng. Elstu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar – \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i – s\u00fdndu n\u00fdja s\u00f6gulega a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lan\u00e1ms \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00feremur svi\u00f0um. R\u00f3t pers\u00f3nuleikans l\u00e6knis er rakin til frumkirkjunnar, ef hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c v\u00edsa\u00f0i til postulanna, kirkjufe\u00f0ranna e\u00f0a annarra kristinna samf\u00e9laga sem kenndu og \u00fe\u00fdddu Bibl\u00eduna. Me\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eDr.\u201c er \u00fea\u00f0 nota\u00f0 sem heiti \u00e1 einhverjum sem hefur loki\u00f0 doktorspr\u00f3fi (oft fram\u00farskarandi doktorspr\u00f3fi).<\/p>\n

  <\/p>\n

  Nafni\u00f0 \u201eCSc Applicant out of Technology\u201c er t\u00e6knilegt heiti innan n\u00faverandi n\u00e1mskerfis sem n\u00fa er nota\u00f0 fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0a. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2012 var \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feetta g\u00e6ti s\u00ed\u00f0ar veri\u00f0 framlengt til a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a fyrir doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar eru \u00e1 N\u00fdja Sj\u00e1landi. Til a\u00f0 eiga kennara me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 l\u00f6ndum me\u00f0 a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pusambandinu \u00fearf n\u00fdja gr\u00e1\u00f0una a\u00f0 vera formlega sam\u00feykkta (\u201esta\u00f0fest\u201c) af menntam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn. Allir eigendur doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u eru r\u00e9ttilega kalla\u00f0ir \u201eHerr\/Frau Dr. _____\u201c \u00ed \u00f6llum samf\u00e9lagslegum m\u00e1lum. \u00cd \u00de\u00fdskalandi eru \u00feekktustu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar Dr. med. (l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i), Dr. med. dent. \u00cd \u00fe\u00fdskum l\u00f6ndum \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir or\u00f0i\u00f0 Doktor doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0uhafi \u00ed h\u00e6fu or\u00f0afor\u00f0a (\u00fea\u00f0 sama og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0a).<\/p>\n

  Sl\u00edkir titlar eru a\u00f0allega veittir ver\u00f0ugum klerkum vegna g\u00f3\u00f0rar frammist\u00f6\u00f0u e\u00f0a annarra afreka \u00ed taugav\u00edsindalegri tr\u00faar- og bibl\u00edufr\u00e6\u00f0i. Greinin er s\u00ed\u00f0ar breytt til a\u00f0 taka fram a\u00f0 notkun hins n\u00fdja hugtaks fr\u00e1 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingunum \u201eer (me\u00f0 \u00f3lund) vi\u00f0urkennd heg\u00f0un \u00ed m\u00f6rgum m\u00e1lum en ekki \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum\u201c, en \u00feeir s\u00f6g\u00f0u a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri sjaldan nota\u00f0 \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u201egefur \u00ed skyn a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa s\u00e9rt l\u00e6knir e\u00f0a g\u00f3\u00f0ur doktor – og b\u00fd\u00f0ur \u00fev\u00ed upp \u00e1 rangar uppl\u00fdsingar\u201c. Til a\u00f0 eiga n\u00f6fn (vi\u00f0urkennd sem \u201ehef\u00f0bundin \u00e1varpsform vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feau eru undir \u00e1hrifum pers\u00f3nulegra og vi\u00f0urkenndra si\u00f0a\u201c) notar NASA \u201eDr. (fullt nafn)\u201c \u00ed sambandi vi\u00f0 doktorshafa \u00feegar l\u00e6knar eru nota\u00f0ir \u201e(nafn), MD\u201c, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeir s\u00e9u b\u00e1\u00f0ir me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla\u00f0ir sem \u201eDr. (eftirnafn)\u201c \u00ed kve\u00f0juor\u00f0inu (sem kallast \u201e\u00f3formlegt\u201c).<\/p>\n

  \u00cd ensku Kar\u00edbahafsins er algengt a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201eDr. the newest Honourable\u201c \u00feegar stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. \u00deetta v\u00edsa\u00f0i til d\u00e6mis til n\u00fdrra g\u00f6mlu eiginleika gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, laga og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00e1samt t\u00f3nlist, sem voru einu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar sem veittar voru fram \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld. Fyrir viki\u00f0 er n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 nota\u00f0 af m\u00f6rgum s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u00ed \u00feessum l\u00f6ndum, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum, sem venjulega f\u00e1 ekki n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 annars sta\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

  Hj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar eru einnig kalla\u00f0ir \u201ehj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur\u201c, enfermeiro (karl) e\u00f0a enfermeira (kvenkyns), n\u00fdju hugt\u00f6kin eru Enf. \u00cd Port\u00fagal, fram til n\u00fat\u00edmans eftir a\u00f0 hafa loki\u00f0 n\u00e1mi \u2013 en innan skipulags og t\u00e6kni \u2013 eru karlar kalla\u00f0ir doutor (Dr.) \u2013 en doutora (Dra.) \u2013 konur. Hollenskar uppl\u00fdsingaheiti og gr\u00e1\u00f0a eru l\u00f6glega \u00f6rugg, \u00feannig a\u00f0 fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 2021 eru heitin \u201edr.\u201c og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur l\u00f6glega eins og \u00feau eru til skiptis. \u00cd \u00f3formlegri i\u00f0kun eru n\u00fdjustu angelsaxnesku titlarnir (elizabeth.grams. PhD) almennt nota\u00f0ir. \u00deeir geta ekki veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0ir \u00ed skj\u00f6lum (t.d. grams. vegabr\u00e9f, \u00f6kusk\u00edrteini), sem eru sjaldan nota\u00f0ir \u00ed daglegu l\u00edfi. A\u00f0 hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u er grundvallarskilyr\u00f0i fyrir gott h\u00e1sk\u00f3lasamf\u00e9lag.<\/p>\n

  <\/p>\n

  \u00deessi venja er enn algeng og \u00fe\u00fa g\u00e6tir st\u00f6\u00f0ugt breytt pers\u00f3nuuppl\u00fdsingum s\u00ednum eftir a\u00f0 hafa loki\u00f0 n\u00e1mi til a\u00f0 leggja fram n\u00fdja ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2008 framlengdi n\u00fdr or\u00f0sporsfundur r\u00e1\u00f0herra fr\u00e1 mennta- og f\u00e9lagsm\u00e1lum sambandsr\u00edkjanna \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un s\u00edna fr\u00e1 2001 til a\u00f0 finna doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pusambandinu til a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a fyrir doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar voru \u00ed \u00c1stral\u00edu, \u00cdsrael, Japan, Kanada og m\u00f6rgum bandar\u00edskum h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum. \u00deeir sem hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 virtum fulltr\u00faar\u00edki Evr\u00f3pusambandsins reyndu, fr\u00e1 2001, a\u00f0 nota \u201edoktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u\u201c e\u00f0a \u201edr.\u201c \u00ed formlegum, d\u00f3ms- og d\u00f3msm\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu geta skrifa\u00f0 skilabo\u00f0 \u00e1n frekari vi\u00f0auka. Samt\u00edmis er gl\u00e6n\u00fdja fr\u00e6\u00f0andi menntunin Doktor (ISCED 7) veitt l\u00e6knum (Dr. med. univ.) og tannl\u00e6knum (Dr. med. damage.), sem fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2002 f\u00e1 ekki doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u (ISCED 8) heldur stunda meistaran\u00e1m \u00ed sex \u00e1r (360 ECTS) eins og bandar\u00edskur l\u00e6knir e\u00f0a DDS.<\/p>\n

  \u00deessi skammst\u00f6fun stendur fyrir n\u00fdja hollenska hugtaki\u00f0 doctorandus, lat\u00ednu fyrir \u201ema\u00f0urinn sem er heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsma\u00f0ur\u201c (kvenkyns hugtaki\u00f0 \u201edoctoranda\u201c). \u00c1 M\u00f6ltu er n\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 Doctor nota\u00f0 um l\u00e6kna (sem eru me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u), v\u00edsindamenn, tannl\u00e6kna og jafnvel l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga. Samstarfsa\u00f0ilar halda 5-6 \u00e1ra kerfinu (\u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0 reglur og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i) en \u00feeir kallast \u201elaurea magistrale a ciclo unico\u201c og eru \u00f3a\u00f0skiljanlegur meistaragr\u00e1\u00f0a. \u00deetta er tveggja til tveggja \u00e1ra \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c (b\u00f3kstaflega \u201ed\u00f3mst\u00f3la\u00feekking\u201c, jafngildir konungs\u00feekkingu). \u00c1 20. \u00f6ld stofnu\u00f0u \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar h\u00e6rri ranns\u00f3knarstig, svo sem doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. N\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 doktor er nota\u00f0 um nemendur me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem og v\u00edsindamenn (nema l\u00e6kna), tannl\u00e6kna og jafnvel d\u00fdral\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n

  N\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 \u201eL\u00e6knir\u201c m\u00e1 einnig nota \u00ed Brasil\u00edu til a\u00f0 me\u00f0h\u00f6ndla l\u00e6kna og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga fr\u00e1 keisarat\u00edmanum. Til d\u00e6mis, \u00ed d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum \u00fear sem stranglega vi\u00f0urkennd ta\u00edlensk or\u00f0 eru notu\u00f0, er ekki h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota \u201eDr\u201c sem nafn einstaklings. Notkun \u201eDoc\u201c (\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c) e\u00f0a \u201eDr\u201c (\u0e14\u0e23.) er fengin a\u00f0 l\u00e1ni \u00far ensku. \u00c1 Sr\u00ed Lanka er n\u00fdjasta heiti\u00f0 \u201eDr.\u201c nota\u00f0 fyrir doktorsnema og l\u00e6kna eins og l\u00e6kna, tannl\u00e6kna og d\u00fdral\u00e6kna. \u00cd september 2025 var \u00fea\u00f0 opinberlega banna\u00f0 \u00ed heilbrig\u00f0is\u00fej\u00f3nustu hj\u00e1 a\u00f0alstj\u00f3rninni, en \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki lengur h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 fella \u00fea\u00f0 \u00far gildi. \u00cd As\u00edu eru l\u00e6knar l\u00f6glega skilgreindir sem innsettir l\u00e6knar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Efni Um allan heim n\u00fdta Notkun vegna l\u00e6kna\u00fej\u00e1lfara \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega vi\u00f0eigandi l\u00f6ndum Innlima\u00f0 af l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u00ed Bretlandi og<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-239725","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\n